Farmers’ Intention to Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture in the Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam): A Combination of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)

The Anh Luu, An Thinh Nguyen, Quoc Anh Trinh, Van Tuan Pham, Ba Bien Le, Duc Thanh Nguyen, Quoc Nam Hoang, Ha T.T. Pham, The Kien Nguyen, Van Nang Luu, Luc Hens

Sustainability 2019, 11(10), 2993

Coastal communities living in the low delta areas of Vietnam are increasingly vulnerable to tropical storms and related natural hazards of global climate change. Particularly in the Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (RRDBR), farmers change the crop structure and diversify agricultural systems to adapt to the changing climate. The paper deals with a quantitative approach combined with behavior theories and surveyed data to analyze farmers’ intention to climate change adaptation in agriculture. Based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), seven constructs are developed to a questionnaire surveying 526 local farmers: risk perception, belief, habit, maladaptation, subjective norm, adaptation assessment, and adaptation intention. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is implemented to extract eight factors and to quantify the relationship between protective behavior factors with the adaptation intention of the surveyed farmers. Two bootstrap samples of sizes 800 and 1200 are generated to estimate the coefficients and standard errors. The SEM result suggests a regional and three local structural models for climate change adaptation intention of farmers living in the RRDBR. Farmers show a higher adaptation intention when they perceive higher climate risks threatening their physical health, finances, production, social relationships, and psychology. In contrast, farmers are less likely to intend to adapt when they are subject to wishful thinking, deny the climate risks, or believe in fatalism.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/10/2993

Quality Function Deployment Method under Interval Neutrosophic Environment for Sustainable Supplier Selection

Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 12(3), 352-360 (2019)

Do Anh Duc , Phan Huy Duong, Ha Dieu Linh, Trinh Dinh Uyen, Le Trang Nhung and Nguyen The Kien

Background and Objective: With increased worldwide awareness of environmental protection, green purchasing has become an important issue for companies to gain environmental sustainability. This study proposes a new Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method based on score, accuracy and certainty functions under interval neutrosophic environment for sustainable supplier selection. Several economic, environmental and social criteria are considered in the decision process. Materials and Method: In the proposed approach, the interval neutrosophic set (INS) is applied to assess the importance of the ‘‘WHATs’’, ‘‘HOWs’’, ‘‘HOWs’’-‘‘WHATs’’ correlation scores and the impact of each potential supplier. This study applies the score, the accuracy and the certainty functions to rank the alternatives. Results: Two numerical examples are used to compare the proposed approach with two others QFD approaches demonstrating its advantages and applicability. The result indicates that the proposed method is efficient and more general compared with those of relevant studies. Conclusion: This study has developed the QFD approach using the INS to evaluate sustainable suppliers. The proposed method has great application potential in solving multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems in the INS.

https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajsr.2019.352.360

A Hybrid Approach Using Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Assessing Environmental Conflicts in the Titan Mining Industry along Central Coast Vietnam

Manh Tien Dao, An Thinh Nguyen, The Kien Nguyen, Ha T.T. Pham, Dinh Tien Nguyen, Quoc Toan Tran, Huong Giang Dao, Duyen T. Nguyen, Huong T. Dang, Luc Hens

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(14), 2930

Environmental conflict management gains significance in rational use of natural resources, ecosystem preservation and environmental planning for mineral mines. In Central Coast Vietnam, titan mines are subject to conflicting use and management decisions. The paper deals with an empirical research on applying a combination of the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to measure environmental conflicts emerging as a result of titan mining in Vietnam. The methodology used in the paper combines the fuzzy AHP and the fuzzy TOPSIS to rank environmental conflicts and propose conflict prevention solutions in the titan mining industry of Ky Khang coastal commune (Ky Anh district, Central Coast Vietnam). Data was collected by using a questionnaire with 15 locals, 8 communal authorities, 2 district authorities, and 12 scientific experts on titan mining, environmental geology, and sustainability management. The result shows that, titan mining conflicts with the eight criteria of economic sectors at five alternative sites including beach, protected forest, agricultural area, settlement area, and industrial area. The conflicts between titan mining and forestry, agriculture, settlements, fishing and aquaculture are highly valued. The beach area shows most environmental conflict as a result of titan mining, followed by the agricultural area and settlement area. Based on the empirical findings, legal and procedural tools such as environmental impact assessments, strategic environmental assessments, integrated coastal zone management, marine spatial planning, and multi-planning integration advancing environmental management for titan mines in Vietnam are suggested.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/14/2930

An application of multilevel model for the analysis of factors influencing paddy field productivity in the Northern Vietnamese Mountains

Huong Thi Thu Hoang, Anton Van Rompaey, Kim Chi Vu, An Thinh Nguyen & Veerle Vanacker

Paddy and Water Environment 18, 153–166 (2020)

In the Northern Vietnamese Mountains, paddy fields are the main source of foods and an important indicator to define wealth in ethnic communities. This paper deals with an application of multilevel model to predict spatial patterns of paddy field productivity according to hierarchical levels such as individual fields, individual households and individual villages. The data on land use and rice productivity gathered in Sa Pa district (Lao Cai province) is used as a calibration and validation dataset. Totally, 60 households owning 136 paddy plots in four villages were interviewed. The results show that in Sa Pa, productivity of paddy fields results from human–environment interactions at different organizational levels of field, household and village. The variables collected at field and household levels play more important role in the effective use of paddy fields than the variables at village level, as they account for resp. 81.2%, 18.7% and 0.1% of the variance in productivity.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10333-019-00771-w

Rural livelihood diversification of Dzao farmers in response to unpredictable risks associated with agriculture in Vietnamese Northern Mountains today

An Thinh Nguyen, Le Truc Nguyen, Hanh Hong Nguyen, Hanh Van Ta, Hong Van Nguyen, Tuan Anh Pham, Bich Thi Nguyen, Thao Thi Pham, Nhan Thi Thanh Tang & Luc Hens

Environment, Development and Sustainability 22, 5387–5407 (2020)

Vietnamese rural mountains are undergoing a significant transformation process in agriculture-based economy nowadays. A challenge facing ethnic minorities is identifying more appropriate way of life to cope with unpredictable risks associated with agriculture. This paper deals with livelihood diversification by the Dzao, an indigenous ethnic minority group in the Vietnamese Northern Mountains. One hundred and six Dzao households from 11 villages are surveyed with a systematic random sampling. The Simpson diversity index and the Average Agricultural Livelihood Diversification Index are used to measure the livelihood diversification of villages. Eighteen survey questions are developed from six determinants of livelihood diversification such as seasonality, risk strategies, labor markets, credit market failures, asset strategies and coping behavior and adaptation. The results show that livelihood diversification aligns Dzao farmers’ goals to the short-term economic feasibility and long-term sustainability. Farmers diversify their livelihood by combining livelihood strategies for agricultural intensification, agricultural extensification and migration. Diversification should range from a temporary change in the household livelihood portfolio (occasional diversification) to a deliberate attempt to optimize the household capacity taking advantage of opportunities and coping with unexpected constraints (strategic diversification).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-019-00429-x

Stakeholder Delphi-perception analysis on impacts and responses of acid rain on agricultural ecosystems in the Vietnamese upland

Ha T. T. Pham, An Thinh Nguyen, Thuong T. H. Nguyen & Luc Hens

Environment, Development and Sustainability 22, 4467–4493 (2020)

Vietnam is one of most vulnerable countries to acid rain in Asia. In the Vietnamese Northern Mountains, acid rainwater affects negatively to local agricultural ecosystems. This paper analyzes how major agricultural stakeholders living in the mountains assess the impacts of acid rain and their responses on agricultural ecosystems. A two-round Stakeholder Delphi combined with the pressure-state-response (PSR) model allows ranking effects, mitigation and adaptation measures. Eight themes, 14 sub-themes, and 35 indicators for acid rain are structured in the PSR model. The results show that deforestation and rainfall variability relate to changes in the concentrations of acid ions in rainwater. Energy consumption in the industry and transportation, chemical fertilizer use in agriculture, and air pollution from neighboring areas contribute significantly to acid rain. Acid rain affects agriculture and decreases crop yields, causes arable land loss, reduces nutrients and organic matter, and accumulates heavy metals. Panel members perceive that applying local knowledge in agricultural practices, rational energy use, promotion of integrated agricultural policies, and changing farmer behaviors are measures to mitigate acid rain and its adverse effects. The results contribute to a vision on local adaptation actions and policy to foster the capacity and the resilience of major local groups.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-019-00393-6

Dynamic interval valued neutrosophic set: Modeling decision making in dynamic environments

Nguyen Tho Thong, Luu Quoc Dat, Le Hoang Son, Nguyen Dinh Hoa, Mumtaz Ali, Florentin Smarandache

Computers in Industry, Volume 108, June 2019, Pages 45-52

Dynamic decision problems constrained by time are of highly-interested in many aspects of real life. This paper proposes a new concept called the Dynamic Interval-valued Neutrosophic Set (DIVNS) for such the dynamic decision-making applications. Firstly, we define the definitions and mathematical operations, properties and correlations of DIVNSs. Next, we develop a new TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method based on the proposed DIVNS theory. Finally, a practical application of the method for evaluating lecturers’ performance at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (ULIS-VNU) is given to illustrate the efficiency of our approach.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166361518306730

Linguistic Approaches to Interval Complex Neutrosophic Sets in Decision Making

Luu Quoc Dat; Nguyen Tho Thong; Le Hoang Son; Mumtaz Ali; Florentin Smarandache; Mohamed Abdel-Basset; Hoang Viet Long

IEEE Access, 7, 38902-38917 (2019)

One of the most efficient tools for modeling uncertainty in decision-making problems is the neutrosophic set (NS) and its extensions, such as complex NS (CNS), interval NS (INS), and interval complex NS (ICNS). Linguistic variables have been long recognized as a useful tool in decision-making problems for solving the problem of crisp neutrosophic membership degree. In this paper, we aim to introduce new concepts: single-valued linguistic complex neutrosophic set (SVLCNS-2) and interval linguistic complex neutrosophic set (ILCNS-2) that are more applicable and adjustable to real-world implementation than those of their previous counterparts. Some set-theoretic operations and the operational rules of SVLCNS-2 and ILCNS-2 are designed. Then, gather classifications of the candidate versus criteria, gather the significance weights, gather the weighted rankings of candidates versus criteria and a score function to arrange the candidates are determined. New TOPSIS decision-making procedures in SVLCNS-2 and ICNS-2 are presented and applied to lecturer selection in the case study of the University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University. The applications demonstrate the usefulness and efficiency of the proposal.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8658077

A comprehensive reverse supply chain model using an interactive fuzzy approach – A case study on the Vietnamese electronics industry

Linh Thi Truc Doan, Yousef Amer, Sang-Heon Lee, Phan Nguyen Ky Phuc, Luu QuocDat

Applied Mathematical Modelling 76, 87-108 (2019)

Reverse supply chains (RSCs) have gained much attention from governments, companies and scholars due to increasing levels of environmental concern, resource depletion and regulation. In Europe and other developed countries, RSCs have been imposed by regulation so that manufacturers take greater responsibility for their end-of-life products. In developing countries like Vietnam, this situation is much more complicated since there are many destinations for end-of-life products other than the take-back systems of their manufacturers. Consequently, product flow quantities to RSC facilities in Vietnam, as well as other parameters, are vague and uncertain. To help electronics companies set up more effective RSCs, this study employs a fuzzy approach to account for such uncertain parameters. Furthermore, risk factors are integrated into the proposed model to make it more comprehensive. The solution approach gives much greater flexibility for decision-makers to obtain a satisfactory solution.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0307904X19303634

A new framework for analyzing climate change impacts by vulnerability index and quantitative modeling: a case study of coastal provinces in Vietnam

Pham Minh Tam, Dinh Thi Hang, Doan Thi Truc Linh, Truong Thi Thuy Duong, Luu Quoc Dat

Fuzzy Economic Review 24(1), 2019

During the last decades, global climate change has led to serious impacts on nature, environment and socio-economic development in several places, especially in coastal zones. Vietnam is one of the countries, which was significantly affected by climate change. Hence, establishing an integrated framework to analysis climate change impacts for 28 coastal provinces in the country is necessary. Determining the key effects of climate change requires an appropriate method. To solve this issue, this study aims to utilize the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy-AHP) technique to evaluate the weight of criteria and sub-criteria of climate change. The results found that 3/28 provinces are highly vulnerable to climate change compared to 17/28 of medium areas and 8/28 of the lowest group. Especially, Ho Chi Minh City is the most vulnerable province by the influence of climate change since the area has a low terrain, concentrated population, and a key economic province in Vietnam. Furthermore, the Fuzzy-AHP technique was integrated into climate change vulnerability index to assist policymakers in deciding an effective adaptation planning.

http://www.sigef.net/special-issue/item/645-a-new-framework-for-analyzing-climate-change-impacts-by-vulnerability-index-and-quantitative-modeling-a-case-study-of-coastal-provinces-in-vietnam

E-Waste Reverse Supply Chain: A Review and Future Perspectives

Linh Thi Truc Doan, Yousef Amer, Sang-Heon Lee, Phan Nguyen Ky Phuc, Luu Quoc Dat

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5195

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the fastest-growing waste, leading a globe issue. Reverse supply chain (RSC) is considered a potential way for e-waste management. Over the last two decades, RSC has received significant attention from industries, governments, experts, and researchers. A large number of studies have been published in the field of e-waste RSC. Most of the existing review papers concentrated on the general RSC models for all types of returned products. However, the review papers focusing on specific products, such as e-waste, are quite limited. To fill this gap published papers in the area of RSC for a specific product, e-waste, from 1999 to 2019 have been selected for review and analysis in this study. E-waste RSC studies have been divided into four main groups, namely, factors of implementation, performance evaluation and decision making, foresting product returns, and network design. Finally, some potential directions for e-waste RSC models have been suggested for future research.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/23/5195

Access to homebuyer credit and housing satisfaction among households buying affordable apartments in urban Vietnam

Tuan Anh Nguyen,Tuyen Quang Tran,Huong Vu Van &Dat Quoc Luu

Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1) (2019)

This study examines the relationship between the access to homebuyer credits and housing satisfaction among those buying affordable apartments, using a sample of 1,000 respondents from our own survey in 2016 in Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh Cities. Our regression analysis reveals the education level, the size and value of apartments are closely linked with the access to preferential homebuyer credits. Notably, we find that the access to preferential home loans has a strongly positive impact on housing satisfaction, after controlling for all other factors in the model. Thus, the finding confirms that preferential home loan programs play an important role in helping low-income households own affordable apartments and increase their housing satisfation. We also find that some other features of their apartments, such as the number of bathrooms and balconies, the distance from the apartment building to schools, bus stations and markets, are strongly linked with housing satisfaction.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23322039.2019.1638112

Does government support promote SME tax payments? New evidence from Vietnam

Vu Van Huong, Ly Kim Cuong

Finance Research Letters, Volume 31, December 2019

This paper examines whether governments can benefit from their support for firms by increasing firms’ tax compliance. With a panel dataset built from four small and medium-sized enterprise surveys conducted in Vietnam (from 2009 to 2015), we use fixed-effect instrumental variable estimations to empirically test the effect of government support on tax payment. We find that government financial support has a positive effect on total tax payments. Our results reflect the positive effect of government support on firm profitability and innovative activities. This study helps tax authorities to develop more effective strategies for increasing taxpayer compliance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1544612318306159

Land fragmentation and household income: First evidence from rural Vietnam

Tuyen Quang Tran, Huong Van Vu

Land Use Policy, Volume 89, December 2019, 104247

We analyze the impact of land fragmentation on household income in rural Vietnam. Vietnam offers an especially interesting case study as fragmentation has been a direct outcome of land reforms since the early 1990s. Our study provides the first evidence that land fragmentation has negative consequences for household income, possibly because of its negative effects on crop income. Notably, using the Instrumental Variables (IV) method, we find that the negative effect is much greater after addressing the endogeneity of land fragmentation. IV analysis, therefore, suggests that a conventional approach which often uses the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, ignoring the endogeneity of land fragmentation, is likely to underestimate the impact of land fragmentation on rural households. In addition, we find that the occupation of household heads was a major factor contributing to household income. Household income was also largely determined by some commune-level factors, such as road access, susceptibility to natural disasters and economic conditions. Our findings offer two key policy implications: (i) reducing land fragmentation would minimize its negative consequences for household income by reducing its negative effect on crop income; (ii) there is a need to increase job opportunities for rural households by improving access to better education, and increasing the demand for skilled labour. Both measures should be of practical use in rural areas.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837719304569

Payments for adding ecosystem carbon are mostly beneficial to biodiversity

Markku Larjavaara, Tim R B Davenport, Adi Gangga, Saara Holm, Markku Kanninen, and Nguyen Dinh Tien

Environmental Research Letters (2019)

Biodiversity conservation is often considered to be an important co-benefit of REDD+ and other mechanisms aiming to increase carbon in biomass and soil to mitigate climate change. This reasoning is based on the assumption that the level of biodiversity and ecosystem carbon are positively correlated. Firstly, however, studies have shown both positive and negative relationships. Secondly, incentives for additional ecosystem carbon do not trigger random or all potential changes in land-use, but often concentrate on one or a few specific changes that could have an opposite effect than the general trend indicates. Therefore, it is important to study biodiversity impacts of plausible measures to increase carbon. We obtained land-use scenarios on pathways to increase carbon based on 97 face-to-face interviews of local land-use experts in twelve landscapes in seven countries and five continents. We then conducted another set of face-to-face interviews with biodiversity experts yielding 2963 estimations concerning the value of land-use classes for 264 taxa of fauna and flora in these landscapes. We found positive carbon to biodiversity relationships in ten of the twelve landscapes. The biodiversity impacts of measures to increase carbon were positive in eleven of the twelve landscapes. Our results indicate that a random land-use change that increases biodiversity is also likely to increase carbon and vice versa.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1554

A Nested Land Uses–Landscapes–Livelihoods Approach to Assess the Real Costs of Land-Use Transitions: Insights from Southeast Asia

Guillaume Lestrelin, Jean-Christophe Castella, Qiaohong Li, Thoumthone Vongvisouk, Nguyen Dinh Tien, Ole Mertz

Land 2019, 8(1), 11

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is viewed as an effective way to mitigate climate change by compensating stewards of forested areas for minimizing forestland conversion and protecting forest services. Opportunity costs assess the cost of foregone opportunity when preserving the forest instead of investing in an alternative activity or resource use. This paper questions the calculation method of opportunity costs using averaged economic benefits and co-benefits of different land-use transitions. We propose a nested approach to land-use transitions at the interface between landscapes and livelihoods and assessing a wide range of potential socio-ecological costs and benefits. Combining household surveys and focus groups with participatory mapping, we applied the approach in villages of Laos, Vietnam and China positioned along a broad transition trajectory from subsistence shifting cultivation to intensive commercial agriculture. By looking beyond the economics of land use, we highlight important linkages between land-use changes and livelihood differentiation, vulnerability and inequalities. Our results show the importance of addressing the impacts of land-use transitions on a wide range of potential ecological and socioeconomic costs and benefits at multiple levels.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/8/1/11

Determinants of adoption of climate-smart agriculture technologies in rice production in Vietnam

Nhat Lam Duyen Tran, Roberto F. Rañola, Jr, Bjoern Ole Sander, Wassmann Reiner, Dinh Tien Nguyen, Nguyen Khanh Ngoc Nong

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management (2019)

In recent years, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) was introduced to Vietnam to enhance farmers’ resilience and adaptation to climate change. Among the climate-smart agricultural technologies (CSATs) introduced were water-saving techniques and improved stress tolerant varieties. This study aims to examine the determinants of farmers’ adoption of these technologies and the effects of their adoption on net rice income (NRI) in three provinces as follows: Thai Binh (North), Ha Tinh (Central) and Bac Lieu (South).

Determinants of adoption of CSATs and the adoption effects on NRI are analyzed by using a multinomial endogenous switching regression framework.

The results showed that gender, age, number of family workers, climate-related factors, farm characteristics, distance to markets, access to climate information, confidence on the know-how of extension workers, membership in social/agricultural groups and attitude toward risk were the major factors affecting the decision to adopt CSATs. However, the effects of these factors on the adoption of CSATs varied across three provinces. These technologies when adopted tend to increase NRI but the increase is much greater when these are combined.

It is important to consider first the appropriateness of the CSA packages to the specific conditions of the target areas before they are promoted. It is also necessary to enhance the technical capacity of local extension workers and provide farmers more training on CSATs.

This study is the first attempt to identify key determinants of adoption of CSATs either singly or in combination and the adoption effects on NRI in Vietnam.

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2019-0003/full/html

New Evidence of Market Competition in the Japanese Tire Industry Using Market Share Analysis

Craig R. Parsons, Dong Xuan Nguyen & Xavier de Vanssay

Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 20(3), 235-256 (2019)

We present a simple, yet powerful, battery of univariate and panel unit root tests on market shares to draw some inferences regarding the level of rivalry within an industry. As an application, we employ them on the Japanese tire industry over a 40-year period. We find that rivalry seems to be present among the smaller firms, while at the same time, the dominant firm seems unperturbed by the competition. We compare these conclusions with a previous study of the industry.

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wapb20/current

Minimum Wages and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Vietnamese Manufacturing Firms

Dong Xuan Nguyen

International Economic Journal 33(3), 560-572 (2019)

This paper empirically examines the minimum-wage impact on firm productivity. Using a detailed Vietnamese firm-level dataset from 2010 through 2015, the regression results suggest that firms raise their labor productivity, total factor productivity, capital intensity and revenue in response to increased minimum wage standards. Firms that pay their workers below the minimum wage react more positively in raising their labor productivity than high-wage firms. Minimum wages has had a more pronounced impact on firms’ labor productivity, total factor productivity and capital intensity since the uniform wage rate was introduced for both domestic private and foreign-invested enterprises in 2012.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10168737.2019.1624806?journalCode=riej20

Measuring the Scale Efficiency of Agricultural SMEs Exporting in Vietnam

Trịnh Thị Thu Hằng

Journal of Economics and Business (2019)

The paper uses data envelope analysis model to measure the scale effect of agricultural SMEs exporting in Vietnam in the period of 2010 - 2015 and use the Tobit regression model to assess the impact of factors such as region, domain, inventory, salary, capital, tax to affect the scale of enterprises in research. Results from the model show that in the 2010-2015 period, the number of enterprises reaching the optimal scale is very small. Businesses operating at the increasing return to scale accounted for more than 90%. In addition, enterprises operating in an efficient scale are mainly in the Southern region, factors such as wages/labor and capital/labor ratio have a positive impact and tax and survival factors. The warehouse has a negative impact on the scale efficiency of businesses. Since then, the author analyzes and draws conclusions and some policy recommendations for the Government and small and medium-sized agricultural exporters.

https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JEBarchives/Measuring-the-Scale-Efficiency-of-Agricultural-SMEs-Exporting-in-Vietnam-